2008年5月1日星期四

JDK 6.0 新特性

JDK6.0发布有段时间了,新的JDK也有不少新的特性,我去网上搜集了一下,列在下面和大家一起学习. 
1.Desktop和SystemTray. 在JDK6中 ,AWT新增加了两个类:Desktop和SystemTray,前者可以用来打开系统默认浏览器浏览指定的URL,打开系统默认邮件客户端给指定的邮箱发邮件,用默认应用程序打开或编辑文件(比如,用记事本打开以txt为后缀名的文件),用系统默认的打印机打印文档;后者可以用来在系统托盘区创建一个托盘程序。 

我随便找了几张图,在Tray里面都是空的,没有图,可能是图太大,有xdjm知道希望告诉我. 


import java.awt.AWTException; 
import java.awt.Desktop; 
import java.awt.Image; 
import java.awt.MenuItem; 
import java.awt.PopupMenu; 
import java.awt.SystemTray; 
import java.awt.Toolkit; 
import java.awt.TrayIcon; 
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent; 
import java.awt.event.ActionListener; 
import java.io.File; 
import java.io.IOException; 
import java.net.URI; 
import java.net.URISyntaxException; 

public class DesktopTrayTest ...{ 
    private static Desktop desktop; 
    private static SystemTray st; 
    private static PopupMenu pm; 
    
    public static void main( String[] args ) ...{ 
        if( Desktop.isDesktopSupported() ) ...{ 
            desktop = Desktop.getDesktop(); 
        } 
        if( SystemTray.isSupported() ) ...{ 
            st = SystemTray.getSystemTray(); 
            Image image = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().createImage( "http://www.51ppt.com.cn/Article/Uploadphotos/200604/20064147333288.png" ); 
            createPopupMenu(); 
            TrayIcon ti = new TrayIcon( image, "Demo", pm ); 
            try...{ 
                st.add( ti ); 
            } catch( AWTException awte ) ...{ 
                awte.printStackTrace(); 
            } 
        } 
    } 
    public static void sendMail( String mail ) ...{ 
        if( desktop != null && 
            desktop.isSupported( Desktop.Action.MAIL ) ) ...{ 
            try ...{ 
                desktop.mail( new URI( mail ) ); 
            } catch (IOException e) ...{ 
                e.printStackTrace(); 
            } catch (URISyntaxException e) ...{ 
                e.printStackTrace(); 
            } 
        } 
    } 
    public static void openBrowser( String url ) ...{ 
        if( desktop != null && 
            desktop.isSupported( Desktop.Action.BROWSE )) ...{ 
            try ...{ 
                desktop.browse( new URI( url ) ); 
            } catch (IOException e) ...{ 
                e.printStackTrace(); 
            } catch (URISyntaxException e) ...{ 
                e.printStackTrace(); 
            } 
        } 
    } 
    public static void edit() ...{ 
        if( desktop != null && 
            desktop.isSupported( Desktop.Action.EDIT ) ) ...{ 
            File file = new File( "test.txt" ); 
            try ...{ 
                if( file.exists() == false ) ...{ 
                    file.create(); 
                } 
                desktop.edit( file ); 
            } catch( IOException ioe ) ...{ 
                ioe.printStackTrace(); 
            } 
        } 
    } 
    public static void createPopupMenu() ...{ 
        pm = new PopupMenu(); 
        MenuItem ob = new MenuItem( "Open url" ); 
        ob.addActionListener( new ActionListener() ...{ 
            public void actionPerformed( ActionEvent ae ) ...{ 
                openBrowser( "http://blog.csdn.net/xumingming64398966" ); 
            } 
        }); 
        MenuItem sm = new MenuItem( "Send Mail" ); 
        sm.addActionListener( new ActionListener() ...{ 
            public void actionPerformed( ActionEvent ae ) ...{ 
                sendMail( "64398966@qq.com" ); 
            } 
        }); 
        MenuItem ed = new MenuItem( "Edit" ); 
        ed.addActionListener( new ActionListener() ...{ 
            public void actionPerformed( ActionEvent ae ) ...{ 
                edit(); 
            } 
        }); 
        MenuItem ex = new MenuItem( "Exit" ); 
        ex.addActionListener( new ActionListener() ...{ 
            public void actionPerformed( ActionEvent ae ) ...{ 
                System.exit( 0 ); 
            } 
        }); 
        pm.add( ob ); 
        pm.add( sm ); 
        pm.add( ed ); 
        pm.addSeparator(); 
        pm.add( ex ); 
    } 
} 



2.Console. JDK6中提供了java.io.Console类专用来访问基于字符的控制台设备. 你的程序如果要与Windows下的cmd或者Linux下的Terminal交互,就可以用Console类代劳. 但我们不总是能得到可用的Console, 一个JVM是否有可用的Console依赖于底层平台和JVM如何被调用. 如果JVM是在交互式命令行(比如Windows的cmd)中启动的,并且输入输出没有重定向到另外的地方,那么就可以得到一个可用的Console实例. 下面代码演示了Console类的用法: 


import java.io.Console; 

public class ConsoleTest ...{ 
    public static void main( String[] args ) ...{ 
        Console console = System.console(); 
        if( console != null ) ...{ 
            String user = new String( console.readLine( "Enter User:", new Object[ 0 ] ) ); 
            String pwd = new String( console.readPassword( "Enter Password:", new Object[ 0 ] )); 
            console.printf( "User name is:%s", new Object[]...{user} ); 
            console.printf( "Password is:%s", new Object[]...{pwd} ); 
        } else ...{ 
            System.out.println( "No Console!" ); 
        } 
    } 
} 


你如果是在一个IDE中如eclipse, netbeans中运行你将得到: 
No Console! 
因为只有在命令行中才能得到Console对象。 

3.Compiler API. 现在我们可以用JDK6 的Compiler API(JSR 199)去动态编译Java源文件,Compiler API结合反射功能就可以实现动态的产生Java代码并编译执行这些代码,有点动态语言的特征。这个特性对于某些需要用到动态编译的应用程序相当有用,比如JSP Web Server,当我们手动修改JSP后,是不希望需要重启Web Server才可以看到效果的,这时候我们就可以用Compiler API来实现动态编译JSP文件,当然,现在的JSP Web Server也是支持JSP热部署的,现在的JSP Web Server通过在运行期间通过Runtime.exec或ProcessBuilder来调用javac来编译代码,这种方式需要我们产生另一个进程去做编译工作,不够优雅而且容易使代码依赖与特定的操作系统;Compiler API通过一套易用的标准的API提供了更加丰富的方式去做动态编译,而且是跨平台的。 下面代码演示了Compiler API的使用: 


import java.io.BufferedWriter; 
import java.io.FileWriter; 
import java.io.IOException; 
import java.util.Iterator; 

import javax.tools.JavaCompiler; 
import javax.tools.JavaFileObject; 
import javax.tools.StandardJavaFileManager; 
import javax.tools.ToolProvider; 

public class CompilerAPITest ...{ 
    private final static String srcFileName = "Test.java"; 
    private final static String classFileName = "Test.class"; 
    private final static String className = "Test"; 
    
    public static void main( String[] args ) ...{ 
        JavaCompiler compiler = ToolProvider.getSystemJavaCompiler(); 
        if( compiler == null ) ...{ 
            System.err.println( "Compiler is null!" ); 
            return; 
        } 
        StandardJavaFileManager fileManager = compiler.getStandardFileManager( null, null, null ); 
        generateJavaClass(); 
        
        Iterable < ? extends JavaFileObject> sourceFiles = fileManager.getJavaFileObjects( new String[]...{ srcFileName } ); 
        compiler.getTask( null, fileManager, null, null, null, sourceFiles ).call(); 
        try ...{ 
            fileManager.close(); 
            Class.forName( className ).newInstance(); 
        } catch (IOException e) ...{ 
            e.printStackTrace(); 
        } catch (InstantiationException e) ...{ 
            e.printStackTrace(); 
        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) ...{ 
            e.printStackTrace(); 
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) ...{ 
            e.printStackTrace(); 
        } 
    } 
    
    public static void generateJavaClass() ...{ 
        try ...{ 
            FileWriter rw = new FileWriter( srcFileName ); 
            BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter( rw ); 
            bw.write( "public class " + className + " {" ); 
            bw.newLine(); 
            
            bw.write( "public " + className + "() {"); 
            bw.newLine(); 
            bw.write( "System.out.println( 'you are in the constructor of Class Test' );" ); 
            bw.write( "}" ); 
            bw.newLine(); 
            
            bw.write( "}" ); 
            bw.flush(); 
            bw.close(); 
        } catch (IOException e) ...{ 
            e.printStackTrace(); 
        } 
    } 
} 

我在运行这个例子的时候发现ToolProvider.getSystemJavaCompiler得到的是NULL,后来上网一查,原来是一个Bug!链接如下: 
http://bugs.sun.com/bugdatabase/view_bug.do?bug_id=6477844 

Closed, not reproducible 
那为什么我一直在reproduce阿? 

4.Http Server API. JDK6提供了一个简单的Http Server API,据此我们可以构建自己的嵌入式Http Server,它支持Http和Https协议,提供了HTTP1.1的部分实现,没有被实现的那部分可以通过扩展已有的Http Server API来实现,程序员必须自己实现HttpHandler接口,HttpServer会调用HttpHandler实现类的回调方法来处理客户端请求,在这里,我们把一个Http请求和它的响应称为一个交换,包装成HttpExchange类,HttpServer负责将HttpExchange传给 HttpHandler实现类的回调方法.下面代码演示了怎样创建自己的Http Server . 



import java.io.IOException; 
import java.io.InputStream; 
import java.io.OutputStream; 
import java.net.InetSocketAddress; 

import com.sun.net.httpserver.HttpExchange; 
import com.sun.net.httpserver.HttpHandler; 
import com.sun.net.httpserver.HttpServer; 

public class HttpServerAPITest ...{ 
    private static int count = 0; 
    public static void main( String[] args ) ...{ 
        try ...{ 
            HttpServer hs = HttpServer.create( new InetSocketAddress( 8888 ), 0 ); 
            hs.createContext( "/", new MyHandler() ); 
            hs.createContext( "/java", new MyHandler() ); 
            hs.setExecutor( null ); 
            hs.start(); 
            System.out.println( "---begin---" ); 
            System.out.println( "Listening on " + hs.getAddress() ); 
        } catch( IOException ioe ) ...{ 
            ioe.printStackTrace(); 
        } 
    } 
    static class MyHandler implements HttpHandler ...{ 
        public void handle( HttpExchange he ) throws IOException ...{ 
            System.out.println( "Request " + count++  ); 
            System.out.println( he.getHttpContext().getPath() ); 
            
            InputStream is = he.getRequestBody(); 
            String response = "<font color='blue'>Happy Spring Festerval</font>"; 
            he.sendResponseHeaders( 200, response.length() ); 
            OutputStream os = he.getResponseBody(); 
            os.write( response.getBytes() ); 
            os.close(); 
        } 
    } 
} 



效果如图: 



5.对脚本语言的支持如: ruby, groovy, javascript. 

代码如下: 

import java.io.FileReader; 

import javax.script.Invocable; 
import javax.script.ScriptEngine; 
import javax.script.ScriptEngineManager; 

public class ScriptTest ...{ 
    public static void main( String[] args ) ...{ 
        ScriptEngineManager manager = new ScriptEngineManager(); 
        ScriptEngine engine = manager.getEngineByName( "ECMAScript" ); 
        try ...{ 
            engine.eval( new FileReader( "C:\test.js" ) ); 
            Invocable invocableEngine = (Invocable)engine; 
            Object ret = invocableEngine.invokeFunction( "test", null ); 
            System.out.println( "The result is :" + (Double)ret ); 
        } catch( Exception e ) ...{ 
            e.printStackTrace(); 
        } 
    } 
} 

test.js如下: 

function test()...{ 
    return Math.round( 11.2 ); 
} 
6.插入式注解处理API(Pluggable Annotation Processing API),插入式注解处理API(JSR 269)提供一套标准API来处理Annotations.JSR 269用Annotation Processor在编译期间而不是运行期间处理Annotation, Annotation Processor相当于编译器的一个插件,所以称为插入式注解处理.如果Annotation Processor处理Annotation时(执行process方法)产生了新的Java代码,编译器会再调用一次Annotation Processor,如果第二次处理还有新代码产生,就会接着调用Annotation Processor,直到没有新代码产生为止.每执行一次process()方法被称为一个"round",这样整个Annotation processing过程可以看作是一个round的序列. 
举个例子:们想建立一套基于Annotation的单元测试框架(如TestNG),在测试类里面用Annotation来标识测试期间需要执行的测试方法,如下所示: 


@TestMethod 
public void testCheckName()...{ 
       //do something here 
} 

这时我们就可以用JSR 269提供的API来处理测试类,根据Annotation提取出需要执行的测试方法. 


再举个例子: 下面我用代码演示如何来用JSR 269提供的API来处理Annotations和读取Java源文件的元数据(metadata) 


import java.util.List; 
import java.util.Map; 
import java.util.Set; 

import javax.annotation.processing.AbstractProcessor; 
import javax.annotation.processing.RoundEnvironment; 
import javax.annotation.processing.SupportedAnnotationTypes; 
import javax.annotation.processing.SupportedSourceVersion; 
import javax.lang.model.SourceVersion; 
import javax.lang.model.element.AnnotationMirror; 
import javax.lang.model.element.AnnotationValue; 
import javax.lang.model.element.Element; 
import javax.lang.model.element.ExecutableElement; 
import javax.lang.model.element.TypeElement; 
import javax.lang.model.util.ElementFilter; 
import javax.tools.Diagnostic.Kind; 

@SupportedAnnotationTypes( "ToBeTested" ) 
@SupportedSourceVersion( SourceVersion.RELEASE_6 ) 
public class MyAnnotationProcessor extends AbstractProcessor ...{ 
    private void note( String msg ) ...{ 
        processingEnv.getMessager().printMessage( Kind.NOTE, msg ); 
    } 
    public boolean process( Set< ? extends TypeElement > annotations, RoundEnvironment roundEnv ) ...{ 
        for( TypeElement te : annotations ) ...{ 
            note( "annotation: " + te.toString() ); 
        } 
        Set< ? extends Element > elements = roundEnv.getRootElements(); 
        for( Element e : elements ) ...{ 
            List< ? extends Element > enclosedElems = e.getEnclosedElements(); 
            List< ? extends ExecutableElement > ees = ElementFilter.methodsIn( enclosedElems ); 
            for( ExecutableElement ee : ees ) ...{ 
                note( "Executable Element Name: " + ee.getSimpleName() ); 
                List< ? extends AnnotationMirror > as = ee.getAnnotationMirrors(); 
                note( " as: " + as ); 
                for( AnnotationMirror am : as )...{ 
                    Map< ? extends ExecutableElement, ? extends AnnotationValue > map = am.getElementValues(); 
                    Set< ? extends ExecutableElement > ks = map.keySet(); 
                    for( ExecutableElement k : ks ) ...{ 
                        AnnotationValue av = map.get( k ); 
                        note("----"+ee.getSimpleName()+"."+k.getSimpleName()+"="+av.getValue()); 
                    } 
                } 
            } 
        } 
        return false; 
    } 
} 




public class Testing ...{ 
    @ToBeTested(group="A") 
    public void m1()...{ 
    } 
    @ToBeTested(group="B",owner="QQ") 
    public void m2()...{ 
    }    
} 



import java.lang.annotation.ElementType; 
import java.lang.annotation.Retention; 
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy; 
import java.lang.annotation.Target; 

@Retention( RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME ) 
@Target( ElementType.METHOD ) 
public @interface ToBeTested ...{ 
    String owner() default "Chinajash"; 
    String group(); 
} 

效果如下: 


7.SAX. SAX是The Streaming API for XML的缩写,是继DOM(Document Object Model)和SAX(Simple API for XML)之后的又一种处理xml的api,一种利用拉模式解析(pull-parsing)XML文档的API.SAX通过提供一种基于事件迭代器(Iterator)的API让程序员去控制xml文档解析过程,程序遍历这个事件迭代器去处理每一个解析事件,解析事件可以看做是程序拉出来的,也就是程序促使解析器产生一个解析事件然后处理该事件,之后又促使解析器产生下一个解析事件,如此循环直到碰到文档结束符;SAX也是基于事件处理xml文档,但却是用推模式解析,解析器解析完整个xml文档后,才产生解析事件,然后推给程序去处理这些事件;DOM采用的方式是将整个xml文档映射到一颗内存树,这样就可以很容易地得到父节点和子结点以及兄弟节点的数据,但如果文档很大,将会严重影响性能。 

下面是个例子: 



import java.io.FileNotFoundException; 
import java.io.FileOutputStream; 

import javax.xml.namespace.QName; 
import javax.xml.stream.XMLEventReader; 
import javax.xml.stream.XMLInputFactory; 
import javax.xml.stream.XMLOutputFactory; 
import javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamException; 
import javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamWriter; 
import javax.xml.stream.events.StartElement; 
import javax.xml.stream.events.XMLEvent; 

public class SaxTest ...{ 
    public static void main( String[] arg ) throws XMLStreamException, FileNotFoundException ...{ 
        readXMLBySAX(); 
        writeXMLBySAX(); 
    } 
    public static void readXMLBySAX() throws XMLStreamException, FileNotFoundException ...{ 
        XMLInputFactory factory = XMLInputFactory.newInstance(); 
        XMLEventReader  reader = factory.createXMLEventReader( SaxTest.class.getResourceAsStream( "test.xml" ) ); 
        XMLEvent event; 
        StringBuffer  parsingResult = new StringBuffer(); 
        while( reader.hasNext() ) ...{ 
            event = reader.nextEvent(); 
            if( event.isStartElement() ) ...{ 
                StartElement se = event.asStartElement(); 
                parsingResult.append( "<" ); 
                parsingResult.append( se.getName() ); 
                if( se.getName().getLocalPart().equals( "catalog" ) ) ...{ 
                    parsingResult.append( "id="" ); 
                    parsingResult.append( se.getAttributeByName( new QName( "id" ) ).getValue()); 
                    parsingResult.append( """ ) ; 
                } 
                parsingResult.append( ">" ); 
            } else if( event.isCharacters() ) ...{ 
                parsingResult.append( event.asCharacters().getData() ); 
            } else if( event.isEndElement() ) ...{ 
                parsingResult.append( "</" ); 
                parsingResult.append( event.asEndElement().getName() ); 
                parsingResult.append( ">" ); 
            } 
        } 
        System.out.println( parsingResult ); 
    } 
    
    public static void writeXMLBySAX() throws XMLStreamException, FileNotFoundException ...{ 
        XMLOutputFactory factory = XMLOutputFactory.newInstance(); 
        XMLStreamWriter writer = factory.createXMLStreamWriter( new FileOutputStream( "output.xml" ) ); 
        writer.writeStartDocument(); 
        writer.writeCharacters( " " ); 
        writer.writeComment( "testing comment" ); 
        writer.writeCharacters( " " ); 
        writer.writeStartElement( "catalogs" ); 
        writer.writeNamespace( "myNS", "http://blog.csdn.net/Chinajash" ); 
        writer.writeAttribute( "owner", "sina" ); 
        writer.writeCharacters( " " ); 
        writer.writeStartElement("http://blog.csdn.net/Chinajash", "catalog"); 
        writer.writeAttribute("id","007"); 
        writer.writeCharacters("Apparel"); 
        // 写入catalog元素的结束标签 
        writer.writeEndElement(); 
        // 写入catalogs元素的结束标签 
        writer.writeEndElement(); 
        // 结束 XML 文档 
        writer.writeEndDocument();         
        writer.close(); 

    } 
} 

test.xml: 



<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<catalogs> 
    <catalog id="001">Book</catalog> 
    <catalog id="002">Video</catalog> 
</catalogs> 


8. Web Service. 由于Web服务日趋流行,利用Web服务的功能性的API特征正从最新的Java EE版本中向Java SE 6平台迁移。换言之,针对Web服务不需另外加入额外的工具,在Java EE和Java SE平台拥有相同的API。野马将大把不同的Web服务相关的API加到标准的工具柜中:以JSR 181针对Java 平台的Web服务元数据,通过JSR 224的基于XML 的Web服务Java API(JAX-WS);针对Java的带有附件的SOAP API(SAAJ)作为JSR 67 。与三个Web服务API相关的包新增到Java SE 6.0里:JAX-WS API 放置到javax.xml.ws包; SAAJ类在javax.xml.soap 包; Web服务的元数据类放置在javax.jws包里。 下面是一个简单的例子, 下面的代码是要作为web service发布的类。 


package hello; 
import javax.jws.WebService; 
import javax.xml.ws.Endpoint; 

@WebService 
public class CircleFunctions ...{ 
    public double getArea( int radius ) ...{ 
        return Math.PI * radius * radius; 
    } 
    public double getCircumference( int radius ) ...{ 
        return Math.PI * radius * 2; 
    } 
    
    public static void main( String[] args ) ...{ 
        Endpoint.publish( "http://localhost:8888/WebServiceExample/circlefunctions", new CircleFunctions()); 
    } 
} 



处理的方法如下: 
javac -d ./ CircleFunctions.java 
wsgen hello.CircleFunctions 
java hello.CircleFunctions 
然后在浏览器中输入如下url,你将得到一个xml页面: 
http: //localhost:8888/WebServiceExample/circlefunctions?WSDL 

参考网页: 
1.Desktop和SystemTray. http://dev.yesky.com/411/3019911.shtml 
2.Console. http://dev.yesky.com/133/3032133.shtml 
3.Compiler API. http://developer.51cto.com/art/200701/37359.htm 
4.HttpServer API. http://www.testage.net/QA/Dev/200701/1396.htm 
5. 对脚本语言的支持http://blog.edwardro.com/read.php?167 
6. 插入式注解处理API. http://ourconan.com.cn/article.php?itemid-2113-type-blog.html 
7.SAX. http://ourconan.com.cn/article.php?itemid-2111-type-blog.html 
8.Web Service. http://www.360doc.com/showWeb/0/0/298124.aspx 
9.JDK1.5的Annotation 
  http://lzqdiy.bokee.com/viewdiary.14724866.html 

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